 |
| Photo by cottonbro studio |
I. INTRODUCTION
Although there is no universally accepted definition of the Metaverse, it is theoretically envisioned as a persistent, all-encompassing virtual world where users can primarily lead digital lives. This interconnected virtual space should integrate various virtual environments, allowing people to perform many activities currently done in the physical world within a single platform [1]. The Metaverse can also signal the future direction of the internet: it seems to suggest a trend where users experience a ubiquitous and persistent virtual layer that surrounds or immerses them [2].
It is difficult to assess the actual impact of the Metaverse and how long its development will take until it reaches its full potential, considering that the status of the Metaverse remains uncertain, with ongoing debate regarding whether it represents merely a rebranding of existing technologies [3], or heralds a genuine revolutionary shift. Indeed, the Metaverse, frequently addressed as the evolution of the internet [4] or an entirely immersive internet [5], could add an additional dimension to human experience or fall short of expectations and turn out to be an empty facade [6].
Although it is expected to further evolve in the coming years to adapt to society’s needs and expectations, its core attributes have been roughly identified: persistence, immersivity, massiveness, synchronicity, digital and real, economy, and interoperability [6]. Some scholars proposed also a model named “SPICE” that includes seamlessness, presence, interoperability, concurrence, and economic flow as general characteristics of the Metaverse [7].
There is some form of consensus over the fundamental technologies that should be involved in the Metaverse; in fact, the Metaverse is often associated with Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, Augmented (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) [5], Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Efficient real-time computation would be vital to provide an immersive experience based on multi-modal data [8], given the diverse data types which are foreseen to be utilized within the Metaverse [9] (e.g., visual, audio, textual, sensor, user interaction, network data and metadata [10]). The Metaverse is also expected to grow exponentially in terms of users, content, and interactions: in 2023, the World Economic Forum reported an expected customer base for the Metaverse of over 700 million users by the year 2030 [11].
In the light of this, cloud computing might represent a likely and logical paradigm for the Metaverse, with its computing and storage resources [8] and ability to scale seamlessly. Cloud technologies encompass a broad range of services and infrastructures that provide on-demand access to computing resources, storage, and applications over the internet [12]. One of the key aspects of cloud technologies relevant to the Metaverse is scalability. Indeed, cloud computing is branded to offer elastic scalability, with the ability to dynamically allocate and adjust resources based on demand (see [13]). This might ensure that the infrastructure supporting the Metaverse will handle spikes in traffic and accommodate its expanding ecosystem [14] without compromising performance or reliability. Moreover, cloud technologies aim to provide flexibility and agility, which might enable rapid development, deployment, and iteration of Metaverse applications and services. Developers could leverage cloud-based tools and platforms to experiment, innovate, and iterate more quickly, accelerating the pace of Metaverse evolution.
Researchers have delved into the concept of crafting an appropriate architecture for Metaverse applications that would harness the capabilities of cloud technologies and have suggested a range of methodologies. For example, one such approach might involve a hierarchical cluster-based architecture, drawing on the stateless architecture principle of cloud-native applications and leveraging gossip protocols. In this model, each Metaverse application is assigned a dedicated cluster, optimized to ensure responsiveness and efficiency, with interactions between clusters facilitated by load balancers [15].
To explore possible interactions between cloud technologies and the Metaverse, this contribution aims to (1) outline the Metaverse requirements in line with prevailing expectations regarding its envisioned form and functionality, (2) illustrate what could be considered the most appropriate interaction between cloud technologies and the Metaverse, and finally (3) formulate conclusions to forecast potential outcomes and advancements. This research employs qualitative methods and establishes the framework for further investigation into the capability of current cloud providers in supporting the development of the Metaverse.
II.METAVERSE REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES
The Metaverse is in its early stages, hence lacking a definitive scientific definition [16] and structure. It is generally described as a concept pointing to the immersion of users within a pervasive and persistent virtual realm. This presents various opportunities and challenges, particularly concerning privacy and user security, akin to those encountered during the nascent phases of social media and mobile internet [16]. The concept of Metaverse as a virtual environment which is parallel to the physical world has evolved to encompass a wide range of interpretations; these include the envisioning of the Metaverse as a collective space in virtuality with opportunities for interactive experiences [17]. Initially conceptualized as an enhanced version of an individual virtual world, there has been a shift towards envisioning the Metaverse as a vast network interlinking numerous virtual worlds [18], a transformation of its definition which might portray an impact on the infrastructure supporting it.
Some scholars have observed a shift in the utilization of the internet and social media, noting a transition in creators and contributors from a perception of authenticity of Web 2.0 [19], to a perception of a collective performance of an authentic self as a strategic maneuver for political, economic, social, and personal advantage of current social platforms [20]. Metaverse’s branding seemed to have followed this trend because it increasingly focused on professionalization and commercialization rather than the promise of individual creativity’s agency over its structure [21]. This might indicate that economic incentives, rather than purely social needs, continue to be significant drivers in the technological construction of the Metaverse [22] and this must be considered when analyzing its technological structure.
The scientific community is engaged in debates regarding the requirements of the Metaverse. As highlighted thus far, establishing a precise infrastructure to support it is complex because the Metaverse represents an evolving concept. However, it is feasible to outline certain challenges that the Metaverse must address, one of which is persistence. In fact, users investing significant time in constructing a virtual world, only to witness its disappearance due to inadequate data storage methods, would lose confidence and feel their long-term commitment to the Metaverse diminishing [17].
Another challenge to face is represented by the possible lack of uniformity and interoperability between the platforms that might form the Metaverse. HTTP, the hypertext transfer protocol, serves as the primary method for transmitting information across the Internet [23] and became successful thanks to its simplicity [24]. There is no agreement on a predominant protocol within the Metaverse that would serve a comparable function in facilitating user movement across platforms. The Metaverse platforms would need to deliver capabilities to users and content providers alike, in the same way APIs and integration protocols do in between dominant and rivaling players such as Apple, with its iOS operating system, and Google, with its Android operating system [25]. This means that users should be able to move between different Metaverse experiences without encountering barriers, while content creators should be able to distribute their products to various Metaverse platforms with ease. Reaching this level of interoperability would enhance the user experience and plausibly stimulate innovation, because it would encourage sharing of resources and collaborations among developers.
As described before, we are currently in a phase of open development for the Metaverse which is influenced by the rapid evolution of a range of immersive technologies, including AR, VR, and mixed reality (MR), collectively known as extended reality (XR) [26]. These are frequently reported as key components of the Metaverse. However, this fast expansion of such technologies has also given rise to a series of security challenges that must be considered in defining possible infrastructures. For example, while commercial social VR platforms utilize secure communication protocols like TLS and DTLS to safeguard transmitted data, the Metaverse could potentially introduce numerous security challenges, particularly regarding users' identification information [10]. Given that access to the Metaverse might often necessitate the use of headsets, user authentication using biometric data could become a target for security breaches [27].
As it appears evident, the components and challenges of the Metaverse are manifold. This study [17] identifies “Must-have”, “Should-have”, and “Good-to-have” criteria based on the requirements for a functional ecosystem that aligns with existing literature and industry standards. It [17] defines the “Must-have” criteria as persistence, immersivity and realism, multimodal interaction, security, and social interaction. The “Should-have” criteria are connectivity, decentralization, artificial intelligence, interoperability, and level of openness of the source code. The “Good-to-have” criteria are application configurability, scalability, privacy and ethics, accessibility, and market access. This other study [28] identifies instead six core characteristics of the Metaverse: immersivity, spatial-temporality, sustainability, interoperability, scalability, and heterogeneity. If Metaverse challenges are the focus of the research, (1) real-time, (2) scalability, (3) high energy consumption, (4) resource provisioning to optimize quality of service and energy consumption, (5) cost and complexity, (6) security and data privacy, (7) governance against abuse, (8) standardization and interoperability, (9) and health-related risks for the users are to be considered key parameters [29].
It is thus evident that a comparison between studies on this topic shows a degree of agreement over the criteria, challenges and characteristics that should epitomize the Metaverse in the way it is currently conceived. In the light of this, the question as to how cloud technologies can support these parameters can thus be raised.
III. CLOUD TECHNOLOGY AND THE METAVERSE
Cloud computing as we know it today emerged as a concept in the early 2000s and represents a new information service model rather than a new technology [30]. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) established essential characteristics, service models and deployment models for cloud computing [31]. NIST reports that the cloud model is composed of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service; the deployment models are private cloud (single organization comprising multiple consumers), community cloud (specific community of consumers with shared concerns), public cloud (general public), and hybrid cloud (two or more distinct cloud infrastructures that can be private, community, or public) [32].
Cloud technology presents three service models [33] which are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) [34]. SaaS provides users with access to software applications hosted by third-party providers over the internet, eliminating the need for local installation and management, but relinquishing control over the underlying infrastructure [35]. PaaS, while sacrificing some flexibility, offers developers a cloud-based platform to build, deploy, and manage applications without the complexities of underlying infrastructure management, providing tools and frameworks to streamline development processes [35]. IaaS enables users to rent computing resources such as servers, storage, and networking from cloud providers, allowing them to deploy and manage their own virtualized infrastructure while avoiding the complexities and costs associated with physical hardware ownership [35].
To effectively explore strategies for incorporating cloud technology into the Metaverse, it is essential to scrutinize the challenges which are inherent to the Metaverse, as previously reported by this contribution, and investigate what solutions cloud providers offer to deal with them. For example, it is noticeable that persistence is regularly mentioned as a key parameter for architecture [36]; state for virtual avatars and spaces should be preserved even when the user is not actively connected to the metaverse, thus ensuring continuity and consistency [17]. In monolithic applications on traditional infrastructure, applications run on a single host and utilize local disk storage, which is both logically and physically persistent [37]. Conversely, cloud-native applications might face challenges with persistent storage because containers are inherently transient and ephemeral [37]. Indeed, containers, as fundamental units in cloud-native architectures, are designed to be lightweight and portable, encapsulating all dependencies needed for software execution [38], a design that facilitates scalability and agility, but also makes persistence harder.
However, cloud technology, which is enabled by virtualization, allows the dynamic allocation of resources based on demand, ensuring scalability and cost-effectiveness for computation tasks. In fact, virtualization reduces costs by increasing infrastructure utilization [39] and this is beneficial to Metaverse users. Cloud-native applications tend also to be resilient, because when a particular container or host fails, a new instance can be started on a different host [37].
As observed previously, interoperability is another valuable feature to consider for the Metaverse that should require further consideration in the context of cloud computing. For example, this study [40] identifies some issues represented by the lack of interoperability solutions at the SaaS model, the management problems in interoperable environments of the Service Level Agreement (SLA) which is established through negotiation between the service provider and consumer [see 39], the lack of a standardized data format which is mandatory for seamless data migrations in between cloud providers, and the heterogeneity of cloud service descriptions languages which would require standardization.
In theorizing about the uses of the Metaverse, several scholars have also advocated for the need for edge computing as a functional paradigm. This paradigm would move away from the centralized model of cloud computing to address the challenge of handling a substantial amount of data that will grow over time [41]. For instance, by situating computational resources near the data origin, edge computing reduces latency, making real-time feedback for AR/VR applications possible, and improves bandwidth efficiency, system reliability and data privacy [41].
In the light of this, adopting a hybrid approach for the Metaverse appears sensible. This study [42] hypothesizes a universal platform running on a highly distributed tightly integrated compute-, communication- and data-intensive NextG network which serves as a supporting infrastructure for the Metaverse. This theorized network links computing devices, access points, edge servers, and cloud data centers along a device-edge-cloud continuum (see [43]). Each node can host service functions and cache Metaverse assets, enabling dynamic activation of computation tasks. Advanced network programmability and virtualization technologies would allow flexible interconnection of service functions elastically executed at different network locations, and efficient access to cached assets throughout the network [42].
To achieve an immersive experience for the user with complex graphics rendering and real-time interactions, additional local computing power is thus needed. A centralized cloud computing model might introduce latency due to the physical distance between the user and the cloud data center where processing occurs, but most contemporary large providers are continuously striving to optimize network infrastructure and reduce latency through Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and high-speed connectivity solutions. In applications requiring real-time responsiveness, such as virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) which are presumed to be heavily involved in the Metaverse, latency can significantly degrade the user experience. By processing data locally, closer to the user, latency can be minimized, leading to a more responsive and immersive experience. Transmitting large amounts of data between the user's device and cloud servers can also strain network bandwidth, leading to slow data transfer speeds and potential congestion [44]. High-resolution graphics, immersive audio, and other multimedia content of the Metaverse may require substantial bandwidth; processing data locally might reduce reliance on network bandwidth, enabling smoother delivery of immersive content.
 |
| Photo by fauxels |
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The concept of the Metaverse is in its infancy, yet it presents numerous opportunities and challenges, ranging from technological infrastructure to user experience and security concerns. While its definition remains fluid, consensus exists on core requirements such as persistence, immersivity, and interoperability. Understanding and addressing these requirements are crucial for the successful development of Metaverse.
Cloud technologies offer promising solutions to many of the challenges posed by the Metaverse but present also weaknesses that should be addressed. With their scalability, flexibility, and ability to optimize resource allocation, cloud platforms can support the growth and evolution of the Metaverse ecosystem. However, challenges such as data persistence, interoperability, and latency still need to be tackled to fully leverage the potential of cloud technology in supporting the Metaverse.
By exploring integration methods between cloud technology and the Metaverse, it is possible to predict hybrid approaches that combine the strengths of centralized cloud computing with the efficiency of edge computing. Such approaches could offer low-latency, high-performance solutions that enhance the user experience in Metaverse.
Another area warranting further investigation is the suitability of current cloud providers in supporting the development of the Metaverse, or whether more specialized cloud services will be necessary. This contribution lays the foundation for a more in-depth analysis of this specific topic.
Given the tech industry's reliance on expectations and susceptibility to speculative bubbles driven by cycles of investments and innovations, understanding the future of the Metaverse is crucial to direct efforts in the right direction. In this context, it is worth noticing that to achieve anything close to what Metaverse advocates promise, most experts believe that nearly every kind of chip will have to be more powerful by an order of magnitude than it is today [45]. For this reason, it will likely take several years for the Metaverse to reach its anticipated full potential. And it is challenging to predict the advancements that will occur in cloud technology during that time.
References
[1] L. Evans, J. Frith, and M. Saker, From Microverse to Metaverse: Modelling the Future through Today's Virtual Worlds, Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited,2022.
[2] M. Weinberger, "What is metaverse?—A definition based on qualitative meta-synthesis," Future Internet, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 310, 2022, doi: 10.3390/fi14110310.
[3] J. Anderson and L. Rainie, " The metaverse will not fully emerge in the way today’s advocates hope," Pew Research Center, June 30, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/06/30/the-metaverse-will-not-fully-emerge-in-the-way-todays-advocates-hope/ (accessed: Apr. 16, 2024).
[4] T. Terry, Q. Quharrison, and D. Skee, The Metaverse Handbook: Innovating for the Internet’s Next Tectonic Shift, Wiley, 2022.
[5] A. M. Al-Ghaili et al., "A review of metaverse’s definitions, architecture, applications, challenges, issues, solutions, and future trends," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 125835-125866, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3225638.
[6] Council of the European Union, General Secretariat of the Council, "Metaverse – Virtual world, real challenges," Publications Office of the European Union, 2023. Available: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2860/432862 (accessed: Apr. 16, 2024).
[7] C. Boo and A. Suh, "Developing scales for assessing metaverse characteristics and testing their utility," Computers in Human Behavior Reports, vol. 13, p. 100366, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100366.
[8] C. Yang, Y. Wang, Y. Jiang, S. Lan, and L. Wang, "Metaverse: architecture, technologies, and industrial applications," in 2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Auckland, New Zealand, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/CASE56687.2023.10260523.
[9] B. Zhang et al., "Managing metaverse data tsunami: Actionable insights," in IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,, 2024, pp. 1-20, doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2024.3354960.
[10] R. Cheng, N. Wu, S. Chen, and B. Han, "Will metaverse be nextG internet? Vision, hype, and reality," in IEEE Network, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 197-204, 2022, doi: 10.1109/MNET.117.2200055.
[11] M. Armstrong, "This chart shows how big the metaverse market could become," World Economic Forum, Available: www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/chart-metaverse-market-growth-digital-economy/ (accessed: Apr. 16, 2024).
[12] M. Attaran and J. Woods, "Cloud computing technology: improving small business performance using the Internet," Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 495-519, 2019, doi:10.1080/08276331.2018.1466850.
[13] A. Singh, N. Mishra, S. I. Ali, N. Shukla, and R. Shankar, "Cloud computing technology: Reducing carbon footprint in beef supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 164, pp. 462-471, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.09.019.
[14] S.-M. Park and Y.-G. Kim, "A metaverse: Taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 4209-4251, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175.
[15] K. M. Santhosh, M. Prabhakar, and G. Sanyal, "Hierarchical clustering architecture for Metaverse applications," in 2023 IEEE/ACM 23rd International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing Workshops (CCGridW), Bangalore, India, 2023, pp. 272-274, doi: 10.1109/CCGridW59191.2023.00055.
[16] M. Weinberger, "What Is metaverse?—A definition based on qualitative meta-synthesis," Future Internet, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 310, 2022, doi:10.3390/fi14110310.
[17] A. Abilkaiyrkyzy, A. Elhagry, F. Laamarti, and A. E. Saddik, "Metaverse key requirements and platforms survey," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 117765-117787, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325844.
[18] J. D. N. Dionisio, W. G. B. III, and R. Gilbert, "3D virtual worlds and the metaverse: Current status and future possibilities," ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1-38, 2013, doi: 10.1145/2480741.2480751.
[19] A. Kitzmann, "That different place: Documenting the self within online environments," Biography, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 48-65, 2003, doi: 10.1353/bio.2003.0026.
[20] G. Gaden and D. Dumitrica, "The ‘real deal’: Strategic authenticity, politics and social media," First Monday, vol. 20, no. 1, 2015, doi: 10.5210/fm.v20i1.4985.
[21] S. Cunningham and D. Craig, Creator Culture: An Introduction to Global Social Media Entertainment. New York, NY, USA: New York University Press, 2021.
[22] G. Jones and D. Dumitrica, "Can we really have nice things? Preparing for the metaverse," Baltic Screen Media Review, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 214-223, 2022, doi: /10.2478/bsmr-2022-0016.
[23] Nginx, "What is HTTP?," Nginx, Available: https://www.nginx.com/resources/glossary/http/ (accessed: Apr. 24, 2024).
[24] J. C. Mogul, "Clarifying the fundamentals of HTTP," Softw. Pract. Exper., vol. 34, pp. 103-134, 2004, doi: 10.1002/spe.573.
[25] S. Elnaj, "Council Post: The Challenges and Opportunities With the Metaverse," Forbes Tech Council, May 17, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/05/17/the-challenges-and-opportunities-with-the-metaverse/?sh=5bb13f46495f (accessed: Apr. 18, 2024).
[26] H. Alo, H. Pirkkalainen, O. Torro, et al., "Extended reality technologies in small and medium-sized European industrial companies: level of awareness, diffusion and enablers of adoption," Virtual Reality, vol. 26, pp. 1745-1761, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10055-022-00662-2
[27] F. Tang, X. Chen, M. Zhao, and N. Kato, "The roadmap of communication and networking in 6G for the metaverse," in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 72-81, 2023, doi: 10.1109/MWC.019.2100721.
[28] D. B. Rawat and H. El Alami, "Metaverse: requirements, architecture, standards, status, challenges, and perspectives," arXiv, 2023, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2302.01125.
[29] L. Ismail and R. Buyya, "Metaverse: A vision, architectural elements, and future directions for scalable and realtime virtual worlds," arXiv, 2023, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2308.10559.
[30] F. Etro, "The economics of cloud computing," IUP Journal of Managerial Economics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 7-22, 2011.
[31] P. Mell and T. Grance, "The NIST definition of cloud computing," National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145, 2011.
[32] Sheikh, A., Kumar, S., and Ambhaikar, A., "IoT data analytics using cloud computing," in Big Data Analytics for Internet of Things, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021, ch. 4.
[33] J. Moura and D. Hutchison, "Review and analysis of networking challenges in cloud computing," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 60, pp. 113-129, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2015.11.015.
[34] M. M. A. Baig, "Cloud computing ethical issues: A review paper to investigate and provide suggestions for solving data privacy issues of cloud computing," Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1433-1438, 2021.
[35] M. J. Kavis, "Architecting the cloud: Design decisions for cloud computing service models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS)," Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014.
[36] K. J. L. Nevelsteen, "Virtual world, defined from a technological perspective and applied to video games, mixed reality, and the Metaverse," Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, vol. 29, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1002/cav.1752.
[37] G. Singh, "What is persistent storage? – Its role in cloud-native applications," Dec. 13, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.synopsys.com/blogs/chip-design/what-is-persistent-storage.html (accessed: Apr. 24, 2024).
[38] C. Pahl, A. Brogi, J. Soldani, and P. Jamshidi, "Cloud container technologies: A state-of-the-art review," IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 677-692, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCC.2017.2702586.
[39] A.T. Saraswathi, Y.R.A. Kalaashri, and S. Padmavathi, "Dynamic resource allocation scheme in cloud computing," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 47, pp. 30-36, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.180.
[40] N. E. H. Bouzerzour, S. Ghazouani, and Y. Slimani, "A survey on the service interoperability in cloud computing: Client-centric and provider-centric perspectives," Software Practice and Experience, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1025-1060, 2020, doi: 10.1002/spe.2794.
[41] S. Paradkar, "Architecting low-latency applications at the edge," Medium, Feb. 5, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/oolooroo/architecting-low-latency-applications-at-the-edge-3e3062493839 (accessed: Apr. 24, 2024).
[42] Y. Cai, J. Llorca, A. M. Tulino, and A. F. Molisch, "Compute- and data-intensive networks: The key to the metaverse," in 2022 1st International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet), Paris, France, 2022, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/6GNet54646.2022.9830429.
[43] D. Khalyeyev, T. Bureš, and P. Hnětynka, "Towards characterization of edge-cloud continuum," in T. Batista, T. Bureš, C. Raibulet, and H. Muccini (eds.), Software Architecture. ECSA 2022 Tracks and Workshops, ECSA 2022, vol. 13928, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Cham, 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-36889-9_16.
[44] Noction Network Intelligence, "Edge computing in networking," Noction, Apr. 14, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.noction.com/blog/edge-computing-in-networking (accessed: Apr. 24, 2024).
[45] A. Meige, M. Papadopoulos, J. Abascal, P. De Filippi, and S. Babinet, "The metaverse, beyond fantasy," Arthur D. Little, September 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/report/metaverse-beyond-fantasy (accessed: Apr. 19, 2024).
